In community health nursing discuss how the community mobilization influence on the health outcomes

Discuss on the following communicable diseases,include the definition, the pathohysiology, the causes, mode of transmission, nursing management, nursing considerations, signs and symptoms

hepatitis b

Hantavirus

Hepatitis a

Ebola

Covid 19

Enterovirus

Measles

 

What is the difference between public health nursing and community health nursing

 

What are the roles of each of the above

What are the main concepts involved in engament of a community to    adopting health practices

Discuss the main challenges that maybe faced in community health mobilization

What are the  four principles of community awareness   and universal health education routine"

 Community Mobilization and Health Outcomes

 

 Community mobilization is the process whereby the people in a community, their leaders and other stakeholders are organised and encouraged to work with one another in order to manage health problems. It can significantly influence health outcomes through:It can significantly influence health outcomes through:

 

 1. Increased Awareness: Mobilization assist in increase the general knowledge on health, preventive measures and ways to be taken to improve on the state of health.

 2. Enhanced Access to Services: Community health promotion empowers the community to mobilise resources and demand for health services that will enhance access to medical facilities and health related products.

 3. Behavioral Change: Community health interventions promote positive behaviors that decrease instances of illness in the community and enhances oner’s health.

 4. Strengthened Support Networks: Mobilization fosters the development of support structures which can be useful to the mobilized people especially in their times of illness.

 5. Policy Influence: Communities that have been mobilized can equally participate in calling for policies that enhance better health on large scale.

 

  Communicable Diseases Overview

 

  1. Hepatitis B

 

 - Definition: Hepatitis B is an inflammatory disease of the liver had has its root with the hepatitis B virus (HBV).

 - Pathophysiology: It directly affects liver cells, to capitulate, viral hepatitis can result in chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, or liver cancer.

 - Causes: Hepatitis B is therefore an illness brought about by the HBV which is a blood borne virus.

 - Mode of Transmission: It is transmitted through the exchange of body fluids including; blood, semen, vagina fluids, and, breast milk. It is spread through contact with bodily fluids through unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles and syringe and from an infected mother, during childbirth.

 - Nursing Management: Some of the management strategies that are practice are vaccination in form of hepatitis B, prescription of antiviral in chronic disease management and follow up of liver function.

 - Nursing Considerations: Disjunction matrix: Use the safety precautions during sexual relations, including using barriers and correct sterilization of the tools.

 - Signs and Symptoms: Hematemesis, icterus, pale or dark colored urine, anorexia and asthenia. The following can also present themselves as asymptotic:

 

  2. Hantavirus

 

 - Definition: Hantavirus is a virus that affect human from rodents, these diseases include hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).

 - Pathophysiology: The virus harms capillaries and leads to either lethal pulmonary manifestations or renal dysfunctions.

 - Causes: Characterized by hantavirus, spread through direct contact with rodent urine, fresh droppings or saliva.

 - Mode of Transmission: Contact with aerosolized rodent excretions, close contact with contaminated surfaces or ingestion of food which had been contaminated by the rodent’s urine or droppings.

 - Nursing Management: A nonpharmacological management approach comprises care that is supportive, observation for the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome or renal failure, administration of fluids and oxygen therapy.

 - Nursing Considerations: Avoiding contact with rodents and their droppings and wearing PPE in case one is dealing with items likely to have the virus.

 - Signs and Symptoms: Tachypnea, fever, myalgia, malaise, headache and in severe cases, hypoxia, dyspnea, and pulmonary congestion.

 

  3. Hepatitis A

 

 - Definition: Hepatitis A is an inflammatory contuably disease of the liver which is due to hepatitis A virus.

 - Pathophysiology: For this virus most suffer liver inflammation yet it is not a causative agent of chronic liver diseases. Hepatic cells are affected, but their renewal is normally possible.

 - Causes: Hepatitis A is caused by the HAV and food or Water-borne transmission is the most common mode of transmission.

 - Mode of Transmission: Through ingestion of food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person or through contact with an infected individual.

 - Nursing Management: Vaccination, supportive care and for signs of Jaundice and liver function is also advised during the post weaning period.

 - Nursing Considerations: Promote the use of appropriate label and regular washing hand with soap and water, safe food and water handling.

 - Signs and Symptoms: Some are jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite.

 

  4. Ebola

 

 - Definition: Ebola as a serious and frequently lethal viral disease of hemorrhagic nature, caused by Ebola virus.

 - Pathophysiology: It is known to produce profuse bleeding, acute renal failure, and high case fatality rate. It hinders the immune system and also harms the blood vessels.

 - Causes: Brought about the Ebola virus, it is spread through direct contact with the blood and or other body fluids of affected people or animals.

 - Mode of Transmission: Through having physical contact with infected human or animals such as through consumption of their meat or body organs particularly bats or non-human primates.

 - Nursing Management: These are among the measures such as rigorous infection control measure, supportive care and managing of symptoms. This is where wearing of PPE is deemed compulsory.

 - Nursing Considerations: To reduce the risk of transmission, isolate the patient, educate him on the measures to take to avoid further spread of the infection, and take close watch on the patient for more severe manifestations of the disease.

 - Signs and Symptoms: Fever, severe headache, muscle and joint pain, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, had stomache pain, and any unusual bleed.

 

  5. COVID-19

 

 - Definition: COVID-19 is the disease that is produced due to the virus referred to as coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 virus is in the family of pathogens called coronaviruses that are responsible for causing sickness in human beings.

 - Pathophysiology: It affects the respiratory tract and can cause inflammation of the lungs, develop pneumonia and other systemic disorders.

 - Causes: A disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 a virus of coronavirus family.

 - Mode of Transmission: Airs through droplets and contact, and can be through contact with inanimate objects.

 - Nursing Management: These are isolation supportive care, oxygen therapy, and resistance with monitoring. It is apparent that testing and vaccination are important.

 - Nursing Considerations: Adhere to infection control measures, put on personal protective equipment, enlighten the patients on quarantine as well as isolation measures.

 - Signs and Symptoms: Fever, a new cough, difficulty in breathing, weakness and general loss of strength, muscle aches, and even loss of the sense of smell and taste, and death in severe cases.

 

  6. Enterovirus

 

 - Definition: Enterovirus PC is a virus that at its most severe can cause mild respiratory disease, to severe neural diseases such as meningitis.

 - Pathophysiology: It targets the gastrointestinal system, but symptoms can occur in other systems like the nervous system.

 - Causes: This stems from enteroviruses that are spread by either through direct contact with feces, or through the air by droplets.

 - Mode of Transmission: A way of transmission that is through physical contact with contaminated objects or through contact with water contaminated with the virus as well as by respiratory droplets.

 - Nursing Management: Supportive care, management of fluids, and electrolyte balance, regular surveillance for the signs of postoperative complications. The block of symptoms and infections is also relevant.

 - Nursing Considerations: Teach on rational use of gloves, hand washing and use of other protective gear to avoid the transmission of the germs.

 - Signs and Symptoms: Fever, rash, mouth sores, sore throat and in more severe cases there is likelihood of neurological symptoms like meningitis or encephalitis.

 

  7. Measles

 

 - Definition: It is an acute viral illness affecting mostly children and adolescents with symptoms that include a rash and other flu like symptoms.

 - Pathophysiology: It triggers disease activity the immune system and expresses the typical rash and can lead to more serious effects such as pneumonia or encephalitis.

 - Causes: An acute, highly communicable disease of childhood that is caused by the measles virus which belongs to the paramyxovirus group .

 - Mode of Transmission: Responsible for transmission by respiratory circuits by contact means such as by sharing with other people through coughing or sneezing, or by direct touch with the nose or throat secretions.

 - Nursing Management: Houses quarantine, supportive care, and contributions toward immunization of contacts. In some circumstances, antiviral drugs may be prescribed.

 - Nursing Considerations: Enlighten on the practices that prevent contraction of the epidemic diseases through vaccination.

 - Signs and Symptoms: Sore throat, cough, runny nose, high fever, and rash that at first affects the face and then descends the body.

  Difference Between Public Health Nursing and Community Health Nursing

 

 Public Health Nursing and Community Health Nursing are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct focuses:Public Health Nursing and Community Health Nursing are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct focuses:

 

 1. Public Health Nursing:

 - Focus: Unlike community based nursing, public health nursing is wider in its field of operation and encompasses the welfare of the people as a whole. It embraces the provision of health care services focusing on the disease prevention and health promotion among extended groups of people.

 - Roles:

 - Primary level interventions: disease prevention and health promotion to the population.

 - Establishing of policies/proposal for the enhancement of health system within the society.

 - The special topics include, but not limited to the following: emergency preparedness and response.

 - Those that deal with the surveillance and control of spread of communicable diseases.

 - Consultation with PHAs to eventually coordinate action on SDH.

 

 2. Community Health Nursing:

 - Focus: Community health nursing is more defined to certain community or certain segment of the population. It refers to the systematic intervention approach that seek to enhance health and well being of people in given community setting through intervention at personal and family level.

 - Roles:

 - Promotion of care giver health education to direct care and health education to individuals and families.

 - Screening and treatment of identified heath needs of the community.

 - Therefore, active cooperation with local non-profit organizations for the provision of health care services.

 - Education to modify the behavior and life styles of those in the community.

 - Understanding community health status in terms of disparities and emerging with efficient solutions for these disparities.

 

  Main Concepts Involved in Community Engagement for Adopting Health Practices

 

 1. Participation: Promoting involvement of the community members in the health crises and decision making propositions.

 

 2. Empowerment: Empowering communities to be able to manage their health on their own by giving them the tools they need, information, and skills.

 

 3. Collaboration: Collaboration between health workers, political authority, or leaders, and people of health across a shared health agenda.

 

 4. Cultural Sensitivity: The recognition of the cultures, traditions, and spiritual systems in the incumbent population so as to offer the correct health interventions.

 

 5. Communication: Creating well-defined, reliable, and open communication processes for regardful of the community awareness embracing and engagement.

 

  Main Challenges in Community Health Mobilization

 

 1. Cultural Barriers: Social and cultural barriers are the following to prevent or slow down the acceptance of health interventions:

 

 2. Limited Resources: Resource constraints in the form of inadequate funding, staff, and equipment and supplies limits the ability of the provider institution to delivery on its mandated task of providing health services.

 

 3. Resistance to Change: They may resist the new health practices for some reasons such as fear, lack of information, or obliviousness to other people’s ways of doing things.

 

 4. Mistrust: When one does not trust health care providers or health care system, then community mobilization efforts will not be easy.

 

 5. Communication Gaps: Some of the challenges that affect the teaching and passing of health information to the targeted audiences are Limited English proficiency, Literacy level, and Ineffective communication channels.

 

  Four Principles of Community Awareness and Universal Health Education Routine

 

 1. Inclusivity: Reducing the health inequality gaps so that all the people in the community both young, male and females, low income earners, and people from different background interact with health education and participate in health promotion activities.

 

 2. Sustainability: Promoting the continuation of health education to the extent that communities are also empowered to continue the improvement of health, after the program.

 

 3. Evidence-Based Practice: Coordinating with other departments to make health education and promotion activities evidence based so as to have a positive impact.

 

 4. Continuous Evaluation: Constant evaluation of the results from the health education programs, to enable modifications to be made to the programs and make effects of newly surfacing health complications or changes in the health status of the community.