Examine the clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and developmental considerations for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Consider the developmental implications of Type 1 diabetes on children and Type 2 diabetes on adults. (consider the age of onset with respect to the physiological, psychological, and social implications of the disease)."

Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Signs and Symptoms, Etiology, and Understanding of Growth and Development

 1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, known also as insulin-dependent diabetes.

 Pathophysiology:

 Autoimmune Destruction: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results from the body’s immune system’s attack on and destruction of the insulin-producing betal cells of the pancreas. Thus, for example, there is practically complete absence of insulin necessary for correct carbohydrate metabolism and lipid.

 Insulin Deficiency: Insulin helps to carry the glucose into the actual cells hence its absence or incapability of functioning as expected means that the glucose remains in circulation which is known as hyperglycemia. This in the long run causes the breakdown of fats to cater for energy needs, leading to the production of ketones which provoke Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) a life threatening ailment.

 Clinical Manifestations:

 Polyuria (Frequent Urination): Hyperglycemia results to osmotic diuresis which makes the flow of urine to increase.

 Polydipsia (Increased Thirst): Vine has evidences seen that explain that when the body loses fluids through urine, there is production of thirst signals.

 Polyphagia (Increased Hunger): The cells are hence starved of the glucose even when the body has high blood sugar levels, a factor that results to increased hunger.

 Weight Loss: Lack of insulin makes the body to start burning fatty tissues as well as muscles in a bid to provide the required energy for the body.

 Fatigue: Lack of glucose in cellular structure produces a lack of energy or power in the cells.

 Developmental Considerations in Children:

 Physiological: T1DM children expect to take insulin throughout their lifetime. It increases chances of growth delays if their diabetes is not well controlled and such complications as DKA.

 Psychological: The continually having to take insulin injections, testing blood glucose levels, and avoiding certain foods is also difficult. Children can suffer from anxiety or depression or, can have this feeling that they are not like others.

 Social: Health issues such as the necessity to get sick several times a year and the necessity to change something in appearance may influence the communication with people. In this case, body ornaments may be affected due to the need to check the level of glucose and injection of insulin may have an impact on the performance of the child in school activities.

 2. Diabetes mellitus type 2 or non insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD)

 Pathophysiology:

 Insulin Resistance: T2DM results from impaired ability of the body’s cells to respond effectively to insulin – insulin resistance. First, pancreas responds to this change by increasing its insulin secretion to normalise blood sugar levels, however pancreas fails to secrete sufficient insulin required by the body hence hyperglycemia occurs.

 Beta-Cell Dysfunction: The self-decompensation of beta-cells to produce lesser amounts of insulin over time adds to hyperglycemia.

 Clinical Manifestations:

 Hyperglycemia: As with T1DM, hyperglycemia is frequent, yet the development may be more chronic than acute.

 Obesity: T2DM patients are overall, overweight or obese and this is because insulin resistance often leads to obesity.

 Fatigue: As in Type 1 DM, fatigue ensues from poor utilisation of glucose in the body.

 Blurred Vision: Swelling is then produced in the lens of the eye due to the effect of high blood sugar hence the vision changes.

 Slow Healing of Wounds: High blood glucose levels narrow the blood vessels and weaken the immune system, therefore aggrevates problem of slow healing and frequent infections.

 Developmental Considerations in Adults:

 Physiological: T2DM patients experience cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and other complications during adult periods. Its chronic nature is characterised by complications which include neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy.

 Psychological: Stress, anxiety and depression conditions can be ascribed to T2DM diagnosis if complications exist. Lifestyle modification requires dietary changes, exercise and such aspects could be a course of concern for mental health.

 Social: Knowledge about diet and the necessity of making changes to such a diet as well as regular physical activity might also be met with social concerns among adults with T2DM. As for the attained harsh and adverse effects, there might be changes in social events and diet which can bring about isolation.

 Developmental Implications of Diabetes

 The Development of Type 1 Diabetes in Children

 Cognitive Development: The changes in glucose level concentrations, especially the hypo- and hyperglycemia can influence patient’s cognitive performance most of all, their ability to pay attention and memorize items.

 Emotional Development: Since this disease becomes chronic there are flashes of anger, frustration or sadness which children may experience. Those affected can also have issues affecting their self-esteem and how they feel about their body.

 Independence: That is why, as children grow older, they are to be on their own to manage the condition, and it turns out to be a major developmental issue.

 A Look at Diabetes Mellitus in the Adult Patients

 Aging and Comorbidities: T2DM usually occurs in adulthood and is linked with similar complication such as cardio vascular diseases, hypertension, arthritis among others. These co morbid conditions are sometimes difficult to manage with diabetes mellitus, adding to the challenge of care.

 Work and Family Life: The issue is diabetes management as adults can easily get burnt out owing to work and family demands.

 Quality of Life: The chronic sequels of T2DM like neuropathy or blindness harm not only the patient’s quality but also his/her independence.

 Conclusion

 There are so many effects of diabetes on individuals; however, depending on the age when the disease emerged, there are some developmental effects. These conditions hence need to be managed in integrated fashion to allow for optimization of functioning and quality of life since there are always physiological, psychological as well as social consequences of these disorders.

 References

 American Diabetes Association. (2022). Standards Of Medical Care In Diabetes — 2022. Hashmi S of Diabetes Care, vol 45, suppl 1, pp S1–S296,.

 Atkinson, M. A. , Eisenbarth, G. S. , & Michels, A. W. (2014). Type 1 diabetes. The Lancet, 383(9911), 69-82.

 Powers, A. C. , & D’Alessio, D. 2018). Endocrine pancreas and pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia. In Brunton, L. L. , Hilal-Dandan, R. , & Knollmann, B. C. (Eds. ), Goodman & Gilman's: Pharmacological by Casarella, M. M. & Frishman, W. H. Introduction to the 13th Edition of Goodman & Gillman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Education.