Membrane proteins that export antibiotics from the cell and maintain their low-intracellular concentrations are called efflux pumps.

Membrane proteins that export antibiotics from the cell and maintain their low-intracellular concentrations are called efflux pumps.[4] At the same speed, where these antimicrobials are entering the cell, efflux mechanisms are pumping them out again, before they reach their target.[9] These pumps are present in the cytoplasmic membrane, unlike porins which are present in OM. Antibiotics of all classes except polymyxin are susceptible to the activation of efflux systems.[13] Efflux pumps can be specific to antibiotics. Most of them are multidrug transporters that are capable to pump a wide range of unrelated antibiotics - macrolides, tetracyclines, and FQ - and thus significantly contribute to multidrug resistant organisms.

1. Demonstrate the value of  F1 = 4.5 to 9 to replicate the value of Froude number

2.link the ratio of 2:1 to 5:1 to the slopes of the glacis

3. The length of the jump is how times the height of the jump? Explain

4.why is the Sloping Glacis considered les and the s to the dissipation of surface energy

5.categorise the Froude number groups the jumps

6.describe the assumption that render the derivation of momentum formula realistic

7.falsify; For the value of Froude number 9 the jump is said to be strong jump.

8.propose the range interval of the jump and the  limits of Froude number,

9.what information justifies the change in depth of the direct jump

10.explain on the Undular Jump to the parameter of its small depth and its name"

1. Explain how F1 which stands for Force one can be of great value. 5 to 9 to replicate the value of Froude number:5 to 9 to replicate the value of Froude number:

 Froude number (Fr) is a type of non-dimensionalized rate at which formation happens, making use of inertial and gravity forces. It is defined as:

 

 Fr

 =

 𝑉

 𝑔

 𝐿

 Fr=

 gL

 ​

 

 V

 ​

 

 

 where:

 

 𝑉

 V = flow velocity,

 𝑔

 g = acceleration due to gravity;

 𝐿

 L = characteristic length.

 In order to set achieve the Froude number of 4 for replication. If one needs a flow velocity (V) between 5 and 9, gravity (g) and characteristic length (L) are also tuned to the chosen range of the flow velocity. For instance to attain a Froude number of 4. 5:

 

 4. 5

 =

 𝑉

 𝑔

 𝐿

 4. 5=

 gL

 ​

 

 V

 ​

 

 

 If gravity

 𝑔

 g is

 9. 81

 

 m/s

 2

 9. 81m/s

 2

 and characteristic length

 𝐿

 L is

 1

 

 m

 1m, then:

 

 𝑉

 =

 4. 5

 ×

 9. 81

 ×

 1

 ≈

 14

 

 m/s

 V=4. 5×

 9. 81×1

 ​

 ≈14m/s

 

 To achieve further the Froude numbers 4 in the middle range, the following specifications of the model were made: 5 to 9, adjust

 𝑉

 V from about 14m/s up to 27m/s.

 

 2. Link the ratio of 2:1 to 5:1 to the slopes of the glacis:Link the ratio of 2:1 to 5:1 to the slopes of the glacis:

 The ratio of 2:1 and 5:1 typically refers to the slope of glacis in hydraulic engineering:The ratio of 2:1 and 5:1 typically refers to the slope of glacis in hydraulic engineering:

 

 2:1 Slope: Slope that measures more steeply, that is, for each 2 units on the horizontal axis, 1 unit vertically.

 5:1 Slope: Fair slope, generally for every five thousand horizontally, a variation of one thousand vertically is made.

 The above ratios determine either the stability of the jump or the type of hydraulic jump which forms at the downstream region. A steeper number such as a 2H/1V slope will cause such as flow to change rapidly through space and has more energy loss as compared to a gentler slope such as the 5H/1V.

 

 3. How many of the height of the jump are contained in the length of the jump? Explain:

 The ratio of the length of the hydraulic jump to its height can be approximated depending on the Froude number:The ratio of the length of the hydraulic jump to its height can be approximated depending on the Froude number:

 

 In a weak jump, distance at which the athletes jump covers a height of 2-4 times the height made by the jump.

 For a superb jump, the length can be as much as, or one to 2 occasions the height.

 The length to height ratio depends with the Froude’s number and flow conditions with higher Froude’s number causing shorter yet more potent jumps.

 

 4. Why does Christison regard the Sloping Glacis to be inferior in the dispersion of surface energy?

 The sloping glacis (or sloping weir) is considered less effective in dissipating surface energy compared to a vertical drop or a steep slope because:The sloping glacis (or sloping weir) is considered less effective in dissipating surface energy compared to a vertical drop or a steep slope because:

 

 Reduced Energy Dissipation: The gradual slope to a channel also goes down with a less steep slope to result in reduced energy release instantaneously.

 Gradual Transition: Where the slope is involved, the transition from supercritical to subcritical flow makes it possible to dissipate energy over a longer range, and not at a specific locality.

 5. Categorize the Froude number groups of the jumps:Categorize the Froude number groups of the jumps:

 

 Subcritical Flow (Fr < 1): Lack of jumps in movement, the movement is more or less continuous; It is streaming like water and has more regard to gravity than momentum or velocity.

 Critical Flow (Fr = 1): Flow is on the limit between sub- and super critical flows where gravity and inertial forces are in a very special relation.

 Supercritical Flow (Fr > 1): Velocity is also high and erosive; hydraulic jumps are formed when flow regime is changed for subcritical one.

 6. Describe the assumptions that render the derivation of the momentum formula realistic:Describe the assumptions that render the derivation of the momentum formula realistic:

 To derive the momentum formula for hydraulic jumps, the following assumptions are made:To derive the momentum formula for hydraulic jumps, the following assumptions are made:

 

 Steady Flow: Flow conditions are independent of the flow time or any time for that matter.

 Incompressible Flow: In the same case, the fluid density is also fixed.

 Uniform Flow: Flow properties exhibited by the cross-section are uniform.

 Negligible Viscosity: Concerning the influences of fluids’ viscosity, they are not very significant.

 These assumption allow for simplification of the calculations in a way that makes derivation of the momentum equations possible.

 

 7. Falsify: In the case of Froude number that equals 9 a strong jump is reported.

 In real flow conditions, a Froude number of 9 means just not a strong jump, but very strong jump. This Froude number is very high and this precipitates a large difference between supercritical and subcritical flow and therefore leading to a steeper and sharper hydraulic jump. Thus, the statement is true.

 

 8. Propose the range interval of the jump and the limits of the Froude number:Propose the range interval of the jump and the limits of the Froude number:

 

 Weak Jump: Froude number of the order of 1. 5 to 2. 5.

 Moderate Jump: Froude number all around 2. 5 to 4.

 Strong Jump: The froude number above 4.

 These intervals aid in the classification of the kind and magnitude of hydraulic jumps.

 

 9. That knowledge supports the alteration of depth of the direct jump?

 The change in depth of the direct jump is justified by:The change in depth of the direct jump is justified by:

 

 Flow Velocity: The values of flow velocities in super critical flow are high and hence, a greater reduction in depth during the jump.

 Energy Dissipation: Hydraulic jump is a phenomenon that is used in managing excess flow energy in super critical flow regime and where there is always an increase in depth as the energy is converted to turbulence and heat.

 Froude Number: The depth change can be computed ratio initial Froude number to the final Froude number following the shift from supercritical to subcritical flow regime.

 10. Explain the Undular Jump in terms of its small depth and its name:Explain the Undular Jump in terms of its small depth and its name:

 An undular jump is different from the hydraulic jump in that instead of a jump of water there is a series of waves or ridges and troughs. The key features include:

 

 Small Depth Change: The alteration of depth in an undular jump is considerably less as compared to the rest of the varieties of jumps.

 Wave Formation: The jump seems as series of waves that surfs upstream from the position of the jump.

 The term ‘undular’ may be derived from the Latin word ‘undula’ which means ‘little wave’ referring to the wave like flow pattern. One of these sorts of jumps usually takes place at a lower Froude number and entails lesser energy expenditure than in other jumps.

 

 References:

 

 Chow, V. T. (1959). Open-Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill.

 Hager, W. H. (1992). Hydraulic Models. Birkhäuser