Pathophysiology of asthma that lead to wheezing, cyanosis, tachypnoea , tachycardia and low oxygenation saturation."

Asthma is a chronic disease with inflammation of the airways of the lungs, having symptoms which are reversible, variable and intermittent, and is also defined by airflow obstruction, bronchial hyper responsiveness and inflammation. They manifest clinically by wheezing, cyanosis, tachypnea, tachycardia, and low oxygen saturation arising due to pathophysiological alterations.

 Wheezing:

 Mechanism: This comes about as a result of constriction of air passages mainly the bronchi and bronchioles. This in turn leads to airway wall oedema, increased mucus production and consequently Airflow limitation. Due to the narrowing of the airways, whenever air passes through it is produces a whistling sound which is called wheezing.

 Cyanosis:

 Mechanism: This is characterized by bluish coloration of the skin and other mucous membranes because of inadequate oxygen circulation in the blood. In asthma, profound airway blockage, reduces oxygen consumption, therefore, hypoxemia is evident. When the oxygen saturation is greatly reduced it becomes apparent by the cyanosis marking especially the lips, fingertips and other parts of the body.

 Tachypnea:

 Mechanism: Tachypnea is defined as faster than normal breathing and is an attempt of the body to compensate for low oxygen levels and increased CO2 retained in the blood. It in turn tries to ensure that enough oxygen gets into the blood by making efforts to increase the respiratory rate. In asthma, airway obstruction means there is more work done to breathe hence tachypnea is witnessed.

 Tachycardia:

 Mechanism: Tachycardia meaning an increased rate of beating of the heart is caused by hypoxemia in an effort to increase oxygen delivery. It leads to an increase in the heart rate so as to allow more oxygen to reach the tissues. Also, anxiety, which is typically manifest in asthma episodes, causes tachycardia as well as the increased activity in an attempt to secure adequate oxygen.

 Low Oxygen Saturation:

 Mechanism: Hypoxemia has been found to be proportional to the decline in the process of gas exchange because of asthma manifestations, including airway blockage and edema. The regard refers to the minimized air flow in addition to a low level of V/Q ratio, which produces less oxygen concentrations in blood. Thus, with worsening of asthma exacerbations the capacity of the lungs to enrich the blood with oxygen decreases, and the oxygen partial pressure decreases or hypoxemia appears with a decrease in oxygen saturation.

 Conclusion

 Bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, mucus production, and ventilation-perfusion imbalance make the patient wheeze, cyanosis, tachypnea, tachycardia, and low oxygen saturation. Such symptoms are an indication of the body’s ability to accommodate the changes in airway functionality or capacity and the ability to perform the gas exchange to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen to the tissues.