Please refer to the case scenario below.

During 24 to 30 June 2009 when Hong Kong faced community spread of H1N1 and around 50 cases were being reported a day in the community [17], a cross-sectional survey was conducted among all 401 community nurses in Hong Kong to determine their willingness to work during the H1N1 influenza pandemic, when the WHO pandemic alert level was 6. A questionnaire was sent to all community nurses who provided medical care services at patient's home in Hong Kong excluding those working for geriatric teams at old age homes and as part of psychiatric outreach. General Managers of community nursing service centres or stations were contacted by phone to obtain the approval to send the questionnaire to their nursing staff. In total, 401 self-administered anonymous questionnaires were sent to all community nurses via their general managers in the 7 organizational clusters in Hong Kong. To keep responses confidential and anonymous the completed questionnaires were returned to us directly or via the centre/station manager in sealed envelopes.

1. Centered on cell engineering, the data on genetic codes is openly outlined to distinguish between several traits exhibited by the codes. According to recent

study, a conclusion was made implicating that the genetic code lacks punctuation to

demonstrate the reading frame; but the sequential reading of the nucleotide is adopted, triplet

by triplet. Determine whether the findings are true or false using the knowledge on genetic

engineering.

2. Identify and discuss in a brief way the mutation identified as frameshift mutation.

3. Identify a start codon and give a brief explanation about it.

4. Identify the amino acid coded by the AUG code.

5. Identify whether the following statement is true or false.

It is definite that the standard genetic code is almost an international phenomenon.

6. What does Cauda epididymis lead to?

7. Describe the most vibrant feature of the cell membrane.

8. What leads to formation of polytene chromosomes?

9. Which role is played by the centromere?

10. How many categories of histones does Histones octamer encompass?"

Genetic Code and Reading Frame:As we discussed the Genetic Code and Reading Frame is the number of successive triplets taken in every possible direction and any one consecutive set of it.

 True: It makes no kind of punctuation of a start codon and a stop codon like the ones used in the larger mRNA of a protein coding gene to mark the place where translation should start and where it should end: there is nothing of the sort in the string of the genetic code that is unpacked into a string of three-base triplets or codons. Triplets or codons are three nucleotides and are equivalent to one amino acid, the reading frame extends from the start codon. This is evident in the capability of the text to read in group of three nucleotides all through the code since it does not contain any form of punctuation.

 Frameshift Mutation:

 A frameshift mutation appears when one or more nucleotides in the DNA sequences are added or deleted thus changing the whole and ability to read the code. This alteration can happen in all the other codons, thereby coming up with a complete new amino acid sequence and most often forming an nonfunctional protein. For instance, if base is inclined in a sequence it will inter change the complete reading frame which emerge from that particular point.

 Start Codon:

 An initiation codon is defined as the codon that is used more frequently to indicate the beginning of a new protein chain and the initiation codon is, therefore, the start codon while the start codon is the AUG codon. It begins translation labeling and has the genetic code for methionine, an amino acid. It establishes the reading context to the translated text of the mRNA into a protein.

 Amino Acid Coded by AUG:Protein specified by the first codon and the first anticodon that detects the beginning of codons in some of the natural messengers’:

 AUG is a start codon which codes for methionine.

 Standard Genetic Code as International Phenomenon:Standard Genetic Code in the Context of International Phenomenon

 True: The so-called ‘universal genetic code’, the codons that are translated to proteins, is almost the same in organization and sequence throughout the bacteria to man spectrum, at least with minute variations in some few organisms. This proves that there is only one subject of origin of the life on the Earth, the genetic code, therefore, is not stratified.

 Cauda Epididymis:

 Cauda epididymis is the last segment of epididymis in which sperm is stored and can also mature. He said that it plays a role in sperm maturation and storage before the semen is ejaculated.

 Most Vibrant Feature of the Cell Membrane:Best aspect or Attribute of the Cell Membrane:

 The most active part of the cell membrane is what has come to be called the fluid mosaic model. In this model membrane is taken to be a uid structure made of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates which is always in motion. This structure also ensures that the cell membrane is flexible and functional as the need of the cell maybe at some occasion.

 Formation of Polytene Chromosomes:

 They are obtained by multiple replication of the DNA without a subsequent replication of the entire cell which gives rise to thick bunched chromosomes. Most of these species are found in several salivate glands of a number of insects such as Drosophila and can be easily distinguished from their market patterns.

 Role of the Centromere:

 Centromere is the region of strand of the chromosome where the two sister chromatoids are constricted. It involves in chromosome duplication during the cell division since it is a site for formation of kinetochore which attaches to the spindle fibre.

 Categories of Histones in Histone Octamer:Classes of Histones in Histone Octamer:

 Among these, only five classes of histones are known; two of each class are located in the core particle of nucleosome as eight histones, H2A & H2B, H3 & H4.