Altered cell wall precursors:

Altered cell wall precursors: Cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria can be inhibited by glycopeptides, e.g., vancomycin or teicoplanin, by their binding to D-alanyl-D-alanine residues of peptidoglycan precursors. D-alanyl-alanine is changed to D-alanyl-lactate as a result of which glycopeptides do not cross link with them, hence resistance to them develops.[4,5] E. faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains have high resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin (Van A-type resistance). Van B and Van C type resistance show resistance to vancomycin but is sensitive to teicoplanin

1.relate the inhibiting factors to the cell shrinking away during Plasmolysis

2.describe your fine understanding of the turgor pressure as initiated by the outward pressure

3.explain the relevance of the Tonicity subject to the osmotic pressure gradient of solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane

4. Name the term which is given for the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane?

5.elaborate on Nonpolar molecule as illustrated by the property of water

6. Cohesion of water molecules is due to?explain

7.what is your core understanding of Ascent of sap in regard to the movement of water against gravitational force

8.Which pathway is used to transport water from the epidermis to a tracheary element of root?

9.interconnect the Permanent wilting to the wilt beyond recovery

10.what are the contribution of the  field capacity to the Water holding capacity of soil"

1. Relate the inhibiting factors to the cell shrinking away during Plasmolysis:Relate the inhibiting factors to the cell shrinking away during Plasmolysis:

 Plasmolysis is the process through which a cell shrinks as a result of losing its water content to the environment, usually as a result of the cell being placed in a hypertonic solutions which has higher concentration of solutes than the interior of the cell. This makes the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall since water is moving out of the burger. In Gram-positive bacteria, the action of glycopeptides like vancomycin is to inhibit cell wall synthesis, and that would change the cell wall precursors, for example D-alanyl-D-alanine residues are replaced with D-alanyl-lactate thereby weakening the cell wall and may be more vulnerable to plasmolysis if exposed to hypertonic solutions.

 2. Describe your understanding of turgor pressure as initiated by the outward pressure:Describe your understanding of turgor pressure as initiated by the outward pressure:

 Turgor pressure is the hydrostatic pressure which the cell sap exerts on the cell wall of a plant cell. This is derived from the passive transport of water into the cell, a process that generates outward pressure and forces the protoplasm against the cell-wall. They exert this pressure for maintaining the rigidity and structural support of the cells. In a hypotonic solution the external concentration of solute ions will be lower and this will cause the movement of water into the cell thus raising turgor pressure. In hypertonic solutions, on the other hand, water movement is out of the cell, thus lowering turgor pressure.

 3. Explain the relevance of Tonicity subject to the osmotic pressure gradient of solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane:Explain the relevance of Tonicity subject to the osmotic pressure gradient of solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane:

 Tonicity is all about relative solute concentration of solutions that are separated by membranes which are usually selectively permeable to water. It determines the direction of water flow based on osmotic pressure gradients:It determines the direction of water flow based on osmotic pressure gradients:

 Isotonic Solution: There are the same amount of solute concentration on each side of the membrane and no flow of water takes place.

 Hypertonic Solution: In this solution, solute concentration is high than in the cell, therefore water shifts out of the cell thus giving a shrunken cell.

 Hypotonic Solution: The external solution has lower solute concentration, and this means that water will flow in the cell to form a condition such as cell swelling or even rupture.

 4. Name the term given for the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane:Name the term given for the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane:

 The term used is osmotic diffusion or in short osmosis. Osmosis on the other hand is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to the region of high solute concentration.

 5. Elaborate on Nonpolar molecules as illustrated by the property of water:Elaborate on Nonpolar molecules as illustrated by the property of water:

 Nonpolar molecules do not have globally fixed charges and so there is no dipole-dipole interactions. But, water has a polar covalent bond where oxygen was slightly negatively charged and hydrogen atoms are slightly positively charged. Oils and fats, for example, are nonpolar substances and cannot mix with water, with which water molecules are comfortable only with polar or ionized particles. This leads to the accomplishment of the process of separation of various nonpolar compounds from respective aqueous solutions.

 6. What causes water molecules to cohesives? Explain:

 In the case of water, the principle of cohesion is explained by the use of hydrogen bonding. Within a crystal if you had a water molecule it can engage in hydrogen bonding up to and inclusive of four other water molecules. This is so because the valence shell of oxygen, being partially negative attracts the partially positive hydrogen atoms of nearest water molecules. These chemical bonds lead to great cohesion between water molecules which leads to high surface tension and capability to from droplets.

 7. What is your core understanding of the Ascent of Sap in regard to the movement of water against gravitational force:What is your core understanding of the Ascent of Sap in regard to the movement of water against gravitational force:

 Ascent of sap – process of transportation of water and soluble nutrients from roots towards the aerial parts of the plant. This process occurs against gravity through a combination of:This process occurs against gravity through a combination of:

 Root Pressure: resulting from osmotic pressure of water soluble nutrients in the soil.

 Transpiration Pull: Water is transported through the vascular bundle called xylem in the plants through the process which the water evaporates through the microscopic small mouth like openings on the surface of the leaves known as stomata.

 Capillary Action: The molecules of water cohere collectively and they also adhere to the walls and sides of xylem that enables the water to move more upwards.

 8. In which of the following pathway is water transported from the epidermis to the tracheary element of the root?

 The apoplast pathway is also employed in the movement of water from the epidermis towards the tracheary elements (xylem vessels) of the root. In this pathway the water does not enter the cytoplasm phase of the cell but it goes through the cell walls and the tissues spaces.

 9. Interconnect Permanent wilting to the wilt beyond recovery:Interconnect Permanent wilting to the wilt beyond recovery:

 Permanent wilting is the mark of a plant that has suffered chronic water deficit; it cannot replenish the lost water from other sources or from the reserve soil water that is below a survival level. At these periods of time, water deficiency greatly exceeds water absorption by the plant and the plant dries up severely. However, if the soil moisture content reduces to below the PWP, the physical and biochemical processes of the plant are damaged and cannot be restored even when water is a plenty.

 10. That raises the question of the role of field capacity in the holding capacity of soil in regard to water.

 Field capacity describes the extent of water which is held in the soil when it is in a state where further drainage of water is not possible at least within the first 24-48 hours after it has been soaked. In terms of water the capacity shows the maximum amount of water in the soil that could be retained against the force of gravity. Field capacity is crucial because:Field capacity is crucial because:

 Water Availability: It expresses the quantity of water that is in a form that it can easily be absorbed by plants.

 Soil Moisture Management: They help in monitoring of irrigation practices and knowledge of how much water soils can hold.

 Plant Health: Facilitates that plants receive enough water for their growth minimizing on Water logging or drought stress.

 References:

 Taiz, Taiz L. , Zeiger E. , Introduction to the cell, In: introductory plant physiology. Plant Physiology. Sinauer Associates.

 W. J. Davies and J. Zhang, [year unknown] The investigation of close relationships between England and China As can be. Root Growth and Water Uptake Selected through IAA and IBA Introduction IAA and IBA are two important hormones which aid in the plant growth and development process, more particularly in root growth and water uptake process. Journal of Experimental Botany.

 Alberts B. , et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell Fourth edition, 2002. Published by with the title of Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science.