List three non-clinical moments in the workplace when you would perform hand hygiene with soap and water rather than using an alcohol-based hand rub.

List three non-clinical moments in the workplace when you would perform hand hygiene with soap and water rather than using an alcohol-based hand rub.

2.how does Bacteria and bacterial spores act to cause infection.

3.  The chain of infection involves six steps. List the steps in the correct order in the following diagram.

Entry: How microorganism enters new host

Exit: How the microorganism leaves the reservoir

Host: New pathogen residence

Mode of transmission: microorganism movement from old host to new host

Pathogen: disease causing microorganism

Reservoir: where the microorganism lives

21.  Complete the following  by defining the terms ""critical"", ""semi-critical"" and 'non-critical"" items for reprocessing of equipment for patient care, and identifying the reprocessing procedure for each.

Critical Items

Semi-critical Items

Non-critical Items"

1. Three Non-Clinical Instances to Wash Hand with an Emphasis on Soap and Water

 After Using the Restroom: Remediating the environment also goes a long way in preventing cross infections and this is done simply by washing our hands with water and soap after using the washroom.

 Before Eating: Asking is fundamental with a view of avoiding any contaminants that might be ingested through hand contact.

 After Handling Trash: When handling garbage or disposal of the same, soap and water is preferred for washing off dirt, soiling or even traces of bacteria.

 2. How Bacteria and Bacterial Spores Behave to Produce Infection

 Bacteria: Infection as a result of bacterial pathogens involves penetration of the bacteria into tissues of the host and multiplying therein. It can make toxins, avoid recognition by the immune system, subsist on host nutrients and cause tissue injury and diseases.

 Bacterial Spores: Spores are other forms of bacteria which are inactive structures that are capable of surviving unfavourable conditions. When they get into a favorable substrate (e. g. , a host), they can germinate, turn into the active structure, and ensue on the process of infection. Spores are generally much more resistant to disinfection and therefore are often more difficult to eradicate.

 3. The following diagram is the correct order of the chain of infection:

 Pathogen: Disease-causing microorganism

 Reservoir: Here the microorganism exists

 Exit: How the microorganism escapes the reservoir

 Mode of Transmission: There is transfer of microorganisms from one host to another host

 Entry: Modes of invasion by the microorganism in the new host

 Host: New pathogen residence

 4. The Reprocessing of Items of Equipment for Use in the Treatment of Patients

 Critical Items

 Definition: Equipment or objects either penetrating the sterile body spaces or the vascular system.

 Reprocessing Procedure: This organism must to be sterilized. Sterilization methods in this category include; autoclaving where the object is exposed to steam under pressure, ethylene oxide gas sterilization, and others.

 Semi-Critical Items

 Definition: Products or devices that touch mucous membranes or non-intact skin, for example, swabs, probes, endoscopes, stethoscopes,کاتتر, <Kateter> tubing, ENT instruments, suture, catheter, advocate, endotracheal tubes and any object that has been in contact with mucous membranes or non-intact skin.

 Reprocessing Procedure: Has to be disinfected at high level, this might be done using chemical disinfecting agents such as glutaraldehyde or hydrogen peroxide.

 Non-Critical Items

 Definition: Products which by their nature, make contact with intact skin; it does not encompass any product that come into any contact with the mucus membrane.

 Reprocessing Procedure: Describes those surfaces and objects that must be cleaned and disinfected at the low level, using only detergent and water. These include blood pressure gadgets such as the cuff and stethoscopes to listen to the output.