Discuss on the 5 principles of management of terminal illness
Perception of terminal illness entails the use of a holistic model that should aim at improving the quality of life for the patients as well as their families. In this regard, the principles of management whose aim and objectives are in the provision of physical, emotional, social and spiritual care for the patients as well as supporting their families. Here are the five key principles of managing terminal illness:
1. Symptom Management
Pain Control: Control of pain is very important during the time of the terminal illness. This entails the application of medications such as opioids and other adjuvant analgesics as well as non-pharmacological measures for instance physiotherapy and relaxation and so on that aim at the management of pain and promotion of comfort.
Management of Other Symptoms: Managing other worrying symptoms like nausea, breathlessness, feeling exhausted, and having hard bowel movements. This can be in terms of medications, diet modifications, or other measures such as Oxygen therapy and other measures of supportive care .
Individualized Care: Individualisation of symptom control approach in terms of the general health conditions and prognosis of the diseases.
2. Holistic Care
Physical, Emotional, and Spiritual Needs: Caring for the patient commencing from their physical, emotional, and spiritual requirement. It also embraces managing of somatic complaints and being available for providing comfort, psychotherapy and spiritual aid if appropriate according to the patient’s belief system.
Support for Families: Identifying the families and attending to the emotional state or well-being including the grief and caregiver burden that they go through. To offer care and counseling to enable the patients to deal with the ordeals of a terminal ailment.
Integration of Care: Using the medical and mental health care teams to avoid repetitive and fragmented models of treatment in which the patient is attended to by different healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses, social workers, and chaplains, and are assumed to cover all aspects of the patient’s needs.
3. Communication
Open Dialogue: The following core competencies case: Explaining the diagnosis with patient and families, emulating, sharing information about prognosis and goals of treatment. Making the patients understand what is being done and encouraging them to participate in the decision making process.
Advance Care Planning: Talking with the patient about their wishes about life-sustaining treatment in case of terminal illness, including the actual advance directive and DNR orders. Making sure that these preferences are well expressed and made known to the healthcare team.
Ongoing Communication: Continued patient and family interactions wherein they are informed of new developments in the condition of the patient, identification of new issues that would require in changes in the management plan and overall monitoring of the care being provided.
4. Ethical Considerations
Respect for Autonomy: Respecting the patient’s autonomy to make decisions on issues to do with their care, treatment, comfort and dying. Are firmly empowering the patient’s self-determination and making certain to sustainably provide an informed personal consent.
Beneficence and Non-Maleficence: To address the realities and the nature of risk in clinical practice while attempting to uphold the principles of nonmaleficence or doing no harm to the clients as well as to optimize the potential benefits of care provided to the clients. This entails issues to do with the patient’s aims and well being.
Confidentiality and Privacy: Maintaining the confidentiality of patient’s information and honouring the privacy and dignity of the individuals during the period of their illness.
5. Supportive Care and Resources
Palliative and Hospice Care: Palliative care for patients with advanced illness to address physical, emotional, spiritual and social issues and hospice care for patients with six months or less to live with acumen and recurrent distressing symptoms.
Resource Access: Arranging to obtain community support services for patients and families in terms of home health services, respite care and support groups to deal with issue of terminal illness.
Education and Counseling: Providing information on the disease to the patients and families, expostulating the disease process, controlling the symptoms, and handling the emotions and psychological aspects of the terminal illnesses.
Discuss the 6 step aproach to counselling on end life acceptance and self acceptance
Working with clients that have end-of-life concerns or those who have a problem accepting the self, one has to put in certain structures to guarantee that their psychosocial needs are well catered for. A six-step approach can provide a framework for this process:
1. Establishing a Therapeutic Relationship
Objective: Trust your clients and the rest of your audience to appreciate your efforts.
Action: The first step is to try to establish a context that is secure and supportive to some level where nobody can feel that the others or they themselves are being judged. Use the active listening techniques and ensure that you look Interested.
Example: For instance, a counselor may start by questioning him or her about what they feel concerned about and then accept or acknowledge the feelings expressed by the individual.
2. Identifying Issues of Concern for an Individual
Objective: Determine consequences that are unique to each person and the difficulties that he shines undergo.
Action: A comprehensive evaluation of the patient to establish what the patient has anxieties over, do they have any concerns at all regarding the final moments of their lives and what do they hope to accomplish. This can go as far as investigating on their background, beliefs and the emotions they have at the time of the session.
Example: Make questions or sharing an assessment on the life achievements, and the regrets as well as what the person with the terminal illness perceives as the time he or she has left.
3. Providing Information and Education
Objective: Ensure that the individual has all the require information so that the can make appropriate decisions.
Action: Give information on how the dying process will occur and what help and support may be available, and intervention to allow resolution of self-acceptance concerns. This could involve information regarding the end-of-life care, the spiritual needs of the patients, or cognitive-behavioral therapies for persona facets.
Example: Teach the person about the options to treat pain or inform about the services for spiritual guidance.
4. Promoting Verbally and Non-Verbally Measured Emotional Release
Objective: They have to help the individual to identify his or her feeling and to manage the same.
Action: Allow the individual to do most of the talking; this will enable him/her to freely communicate his/her emotions/troubles. Encourage the children to do journaling, use role-plays, or guided imagery in order to make them express themselves.
Example: Teach the person to talk about his or her fears or regrets and apply some skills that can enable the person to control anxiety such as mindfulness skills.
5. Examining Coping Behaviour and Sources of Assistance
Objective: Find out how to cope with signs of being emotionally distraught to decrease such signs.
Action: Discuss with the client on how to overcome his/her problems and find out the resources that can be sought such as family, friends, support groups, or clergy. Consequently, the emphasis should be made on the practical approach to the existing symptoms and emotional concerns.
Example: Assist the individual to develop a strategy on how to interact with the relatable persons or get services with the centers of their choice.
6. Assisting People to Accept Themselves and Die Empty
Objective: Help the individual to accept their current situation and or their life.
Action: Help the individual to gain purpose and value in life and to come to terms with the issue and get closure. This could encompass teaching them how to establish individual objectives with regard to the time they have left, or aiding them in dealing with interpersonal matters that they had not sort out.
Example: Organise a meeting with family or friends to talk about means of building a legacy, for example, writing messages to loved ones, carrying out activities that would make you have a sense of accomplishment before dying or performing fulfilling activities.
Such organization means that a person who comes to the church counseling with problems on end of life or self-acceptance does not get general consolation but receives adequate care of his kind.
In a palliative care set up, discuss the main attributes of a paliative nurse
In a PC context, assigned staff nurses are mandated to help the dying patient and his or her family achieve their goals and aspirations despite the life-limiting illnesses. Essential features of a palliative care nurse relationship towards the clients are as follows: Here’s a detailed discussion of these attributes:
1. Compassion and Empathy
Empathy: I believe that properties such as empathy for our clients, or the ability to comprehend their feelings and thus support and share them, constitute the core. It is also necessary for the palliative care nurses to develop the ability for clients with serious illness as well as their family members.
Compassion: SS and caring for the patient’s suffering are essential to informative communication. This entails supportive behaviors, being there, and comforting during some ill times and in ill health.
2. Communication Skills
Active Listening: Paying attention to patient and their family needs, worries and desires would help health care organisations and professionals to understand their expectations.
Effective Communication: Openly and compassionately explaining matters which are could be sensitive and may be challenging on prognostications, techniques of relief, and, indeed, advanced care planning. This must be done in a way that is truthful, but also tactful.
Family Support: This entails being able to be communicative with family members to allow them express their feelings and engaging them in as many care related issues as possible.
3. Clinical Competence
Symptom Management: Competent in symptom control for example pain, nausea, dyspnea, anxiety among other using medications and other measures.
Assessments and Interventions: Proficient in organizing and performing thorough initial and ongoing evaluation of the individual patient’s requirements and providing the interventions that would improve their comfort and their quality of life.
Coordination of Care: Coordinating with the primary health care team such as doctors, social workers, and chaplain so as to provide holistic care.
4. Holistic Approach
Whole Person Care: Improving the welfare of patient not only from the physical aspect but also from psychological, interpersonal and religious point of view. This entails understanding how illness leads to loss of quality in the lives of the patients.
Cultural Sensitivity: Knowledge of cultural, religious, and individual practice differences in care that is preferred by the patients and families.
5. Resilience and Emotional Strength
Coping with Emotional Demands: Episode 2 It means managing such as grief, loss, and stress working with the clients and family members who are confronting terminal illness.
Self-Care: Paying attention to the requirements for personal hygiene in order to keep the mental health and ability to provide high-quality and heartfelt care.
6. Ethical and Legal Awareness
Ethical Decision-Making: Ethical dilemmas involving information and decision making: Care of the dying patient, and the issues surrounding the patient self-determination act.
Legal Considerations: Special attention to the legal provisions and records associated with the practice of palliative care like advances directives and consent.
7. Advocacy
Patient Advocacy: Promoting the attending physician’s decisions on the patient’s goals and preferences, in so far as future treatment and care planning are concerned.
Family Support: Families/Carers empowering and supporting them to comprehend the process of care, the decisions to be taken as well as sources of support to turn to.
8. Education and Support
Patient and Family Education: Patient and family teaching and client advocacy concerning the pathology and treatment of the symptoms and available support. This covers finding them ready for the advancement of the illness, and the aspects of dying too.
Resource Navigation: Providing help for families to get services including, community care, hospice and bereavement.
Discuss how the nurse leader utilize the nursing theories in advocating for his/her staff... Give atleast four scenarios using different theories
In the following ways, nurse leaders can utilise nursing theories to support or fight for their staff: Here are four scenarios demonstrating how different theories can be applied:
Transformational Leadership Theory (Burns & Bass):
Scenario: A nurse leader presents with a problem that employee motivation is low and there is a performance drop. According to transformational leadership theory, the leader will work in a way that he or she will change other’s perception by appealing to the higher purpose of the team. They could use daily huddle, conferences, and seminars to enhance the employees’ participation, successes, and possible advancements. This approach is useful in establishing goodwill in the workplace since the staff feel valued hence results in a good working attitude in their respective working places.
Person-Centered Care Theory (McCormack & McCance):
Scenario: A nurse leader is promoting the issue of inadequate time with the emotional, environmental, and logistical requirements of the workplace that hinders direct care clients. With the person-centered care theory, the leader may be able to manage the setting’s bureaucracy or assign work assignments to helpers. Also, they may propose increased staffing or educational support to guarantee that actual individualized patient nursing time ascendancies as a method for augmenting work satisfaction and individual patient results.
Systems Theory (von Bertalanffy):
Scenario: A nurse leader sacharastically states that lack of communication between different departments is slowing down the patients’ care provision. Thus, the idea of systems theory enables the leader to evaluate interactions of the given components of the healthcare and determine weaknesses. They could agree on new means of passing information across, setting routine cross-disciplinary collaborative sessions and creating a feedback mechanism. This approach plays its part in reviewing and improving the efficiency in workflow as well as in reconciling the staff in its mission of delivering efficient patient care.
Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory:
Scenario: A nurse leader is managing clinical employees who have escalated burnout because there is inadequate self-care resource. In as much as patients require support on their health, staff also require support for their health needs which makes the application of Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory essential for the leader. The leader can also bring policy changes, which include offering the staff weightages for their wellness, mental health, and work hours. It was strongly recognised that this constructive attitude not only helps staff to be healthy but also helps strengthen overall team efficiency and satisfaction.
In both arrangements, the nurse leader applies Kind’s nursing theories, staff forums and other best practices to support subordinates, improve their environment, and increase patient care quality.
In a unit setup what are the essentials for a nurse unit manager
The Nurse Unit Manager or NUM is a crucial position in relation to the coordination of the provision of nursing care at the unit level. In order to adequately structure and manage a nursing unit some factors are indispensable. Such essentials can be grouped into different categories; leadership, operations and quality, patient and safety, staff relations and communication. Here’s a detailed breakdown of these essentials:
1. Leadership and Management Skills
Effective Leadership: A NUM should ideally be good at leadership so as to foster, encourage and direct the nursing staff. This entails having directions and goal, work climate, and direction setting.
Staff Management: The capacity to source professional human resource and develop them is considerable and can play a significant role in staff retention. This involves issues to do with time table, staffing problems, and infrastructural support to professional growth.
Conflict Resolution: Administrative skills include how to deal with staff conflicts as well as conflict arising between the staff and the patients so as to avoid such incidences that may hinder smooth flow of affair within the health facility.
2. Operational Management
Resource Allocation: Staff management, resources like the equipment, and the supply management determine whether the unit will be in a position to meet the patients’ needs effectively.
Budgeting and Financial Management: Budgeting and cost control involves the ability to properly control particularly within a unit and ensure that the unit is financially healthy.
Compliance and Quality Assurance: To guarantee that the unit meets the legal rules, policies, and standard of care. Displaying good quality of care through carrying out of activities that promote improvement of the quality of care as well as conducting periodic assessment to warrant the standards of care.
3. Patient Care
Patient Safety and Quality Care: To oversee that the patient care provided is safe, effective and in compliance with Primary care Trust clinical standards and other established national guidelines. It involves aspects such as the assessment of patients’ status and health as well as the provision of measures to enhance the care they receive.
Care Coordination: Facilitating different care practitioners and wings involved and to make sure that patient receive integrated and ongoing care.
Patient and Family Communication: Fostering the communication between patient, relatives/friends and clinical caregivers so the needs and challenges of a particular patient can be meet.
4. Communication Skills
Interpersonal Communication: Effective communication skills are important to enable the nurse to communicate with staff, patient, patient’s families, and other health care givers. This comprises listening actively, asking for directions clearly and giving feedback in a positive manner.
Documentation and Reporting: Keeping record and documentation of care given to the patient, any incidents and the activities in the unit. Communicating major findings or developments in patient situation to other concerned persons.
Team Collaboration: Developing a working culture that fosters wide communication among the members of a particular team and embracing working as a team.
5. Strategic Planning and Development
Long-Term Planning: To work and plan for the achievement of the unit’s mission, vision, goals, and objectives such as patient satisfaction, staff isolation, operation improvements and many others.
Change Management: Effectively promoting changes within the unit for the best interest of the clients such as change of technology or change of a policy within the unit in such a way that there is little resistance from the staff in the unit.
6. Professional Development
Continuous Learning: Continual practice development through focusing on the changes in the nursing practice environment, healthcare management as well as leadership, and pursuing continuing education.
Mentorship and Support: Mentorship and staff development for the nursing staff to enhance their knowledge and skills for a better practice.
7. Ethical and Legal Considerations
Ethical Decision-Making: Being in a position to make ethical decisions that reflect on the laid down standards and this respects patient’s rights as well as their privacy.
Legal Compliance: Legality meaning how to meet or follow the legal recommendations on matters of practice in nursing, patient treatment, and workplace issues.
Speaking of conclusion, a Nurse Unit Manager needs to outline leadership and operational management, pay attention to the quality of the patient’s care, and report the state of affairs. Strategic planning, professional development and the professional conduct to manage a nursing unit should also be exhibited.
What are the the most importance fundamental practice principles nurses should posses in their career
For a successful nursing career, the most important fundamental practice principles include:
Patient-Centered Care: Giving a priority to the needs, wants, and goals of the patients regardless of the process of intercession.
Evidence-Based Practice: Adherence to practice based evidence and clinical reference standards with the aim of delivering the best care possible.
Clinical Competence: Continuing the education of those technical competencies that might be useful in the delivery of patient care and the improvement of the competencies already possessed by the employees.
Communication: Being model communicators with patients and their families, as well as being good team players with other health care givers.
Ethical Practice: Compliance with the professional ethical values such as conformity to truth, professionalism, and patient’s self-governance and patient’s privacy.
Critical Thinking: The ability to reason and solve problems in order to analyse and transport, organise, execute and monitor the quality of caring for a patient.
Safety and Quality: Policies and procedures within a healthcare organization that aim at the safety of a patient and the improvement of the quality of the care delivered.
Professionalism: The roles illustrate ability to be reliable and accountable and the commitment towards the nursing profession by continuing the education coupled with standard professional norms.
Collaboration: MU4CCA: Co-operating and collaborating with other individuals in the health care team in the process of care delivery.
All these principles are basis in delivering quality, compassionate care and also patient-oriented with a good result.
Nursing-is-a-one-of-the-most-holistic-careers, why do you think it is reffered to as a calling
Nursing is regarded as one of the most liberal occupations as it encompasses the investigation of patients’ needs as unique whole valuable entities. Due to the deep-rooted care and personal passion which is often elicited by the term calling, the term is often used to describe nursing. Here’s a detailed exploration of why nursing is seen as a holistic career and why it is referred to as a calling:
1. Holistic Approach to Care
Whole Person Focus: Namely, it includes medical, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being of a patient. Nurses evaluate the general condition of a client care and, at the same time, take into consideration his/her family, cultural beliefs as well as psychological status.
Patient-Centered Care: They also invoke goals that would involve the patient’s care plan that would be favorable to the patient’s situation and needs. This is the concept that makes it easier to involve the patients and their families in order to provide care that corresponds to their requirements.
Integration of Multiple Disciplines: Holistic nursing involves assumptions from different fields such as medical, psychological, social, and spiritual fields to support extensive patient care. It assists in addressing complicated health conditions since the approach is interdisciplinary.
2. Deep Connection to Patients
Empathy and Compassion: Nursing is labor-intensive profession and it demands a lot of concern, kindly and warm heartedness. One gets to interact with the patients and most especially the nurses who act as doctors and friends to the patients. This aspect is a fundamental element of every comprehensive package of care.
Advocacy: Nurses promote patients’ rights and needs, and see that a patient is treated properly. Hearing this kind of advocacy extends to navigating clients through healthcare systems and social determinants of health.
3. Personal Commitment and Dedication
Sense of Purpose: As mentioned above, most nurses are motivated by passion and mission to help improve the quality of lives of people. It is for this reason that inherent motivation to practice the profession may be referred to as a “calling”.
Sacrifice and Resilience: The various challenges that nursing practitioners experience at their workplace comprise of working for long hours, handling complex cases and handling stress. The fact that those who work as nurses are willing to sacrifice their wellbeing for patients also comes out vividly; this shows that the essence of the trade is calling.
4. Lifelong Learning and Growth
Continuous Education: Nursing is a profession that women can not leave with a diploma or degree and start practicing for the rest of their working career without the need for further learning. The commitment to continuing education can be seen as a strong desire to deliver the highest quality of care and the desire to familiarize with new developments in the sphere.
Professional Development: Nurses act with a view to changing, updating, and uplifting oneself, and this is in congruence with the third and fourth principles of holism.
5. Impact on Community Health
Preventive Care and Education: The nurses work as health educators, providing information on healthy living, conducting appropriate health examinations, health fairs and other such activities. Planning also enables one to attend to such matters early enough before getting out of hand.
Holistic Health Promotion: On the broader perspective, it also encompasses the ability of the nurses to influence health and wellness through practice as well as policy by aiming at demographical determinants factors that affect health.
Thus, nursing major is regarded to be all-inclusive as it entails physical, psychological, social, and spiritual care, as well as the development of interpersonal relationships between nurses and patients. It is crucial to remember that the word ‘calling’ captures the essence of the energies that many nurses invest in their work and clearly indicates the nurses’ strong intention of making other people’s lives better.
What-are-some-nursing-cares-for-an-infant-receiving-phototherapy?
In a baby that needs phototherapy, there are several nursing actions that need to be taken so as to enhance the impact of the phototherapy as well as to prevent or reduce for the possible complications.
Key Nursing Interventions
Monitoring Skin Integrity:
Action: Phototherapy lights should also help monitor the baby’s skin for irritation and burns because of its exposure to the lights. To reduce the risk of skin damage, change the infant’s position often.
Eye Protection:
Action: Make sure that the infant’s eyes are masked with eye pads so that they do not form retinal ideologies from the lights. Make sure to monitor the position of the eye shields so that they do not shift and put pressure on the eye; this must be done often.
Temperature Regulation:
Action: This process should be done usually to see the general body temperature of the infant. Phototherapy lamp warms the infant’s body, so it has to be avoided, that the baby will become over heated. Maintain the environment where the seeds are found like the use of incubator, or changing the room temperature if necessary.
Hydration and Nutrition:
Action: Pay attention to fluid balance, inasmuch as phototherapy contributes to increased insensible water loss. Promote exclusive breastfeeding or provision of small amounts of breast milk or formula feed. Daily calculate the infant’s weight to check for weight loss and observe the symptoms of dehydration, dryness of the mucous membranes, and decrease of urine production.
Monitoring Bilirubin Levels:
Action: There is also need to observe the convenience of the infant’s serum bilirubin level, in order to check the efficiency of phototherapy. This assists in ascertaining the effectiveness of the treatment and the possible changes that may be made.
Parental Support and Education:
Action: An aspect of patient teaching includes informing the parents of the reason for phototherapy, the use of eye shields and the importance of water. It may be extremely distressing for parents to see their infant under phototherapy lights; hence provide encouragement and support.
Documenting and Reporting:
Action: Record frequently and systematically the temperature, intake and output, skin condition and bilirubin levels of the infant. Inform the health care provider in case of any noticed changes, deterioration or worsening of symptoms such as more frequent jaundice, problem in feeding or even the behavior of the baby.
Pathophysiology of asthma that lead to wheezing, cyanosis, tachypnoea , tachycardia and low oxygenation saturation."
Asthma is a chronic disease with inflammation of the airways of the lungs, having symptoms which are reversible, variable and intermittent, and is also defined by airflow obstruction, bronchial hyper responsiveness and inflammation. They manifest clinically by wheezing, cyanosis, tachypnea, tachycardia, and low oxygen saturation arising due to pathophysiological alterations.
Wheezing:
Mechanism: This comes about as a result of constriction of air passages mainly the bronchi and bronchioles. This in turn leads to airway wall oedema, increased mucus production and consequently Airflow limitation. Due to the narrowing of the airways, whenever air passes through it is produces a whistling sound which is called wheezing.
Cyanosis:
Mechanism: This is characterized by bluish coloration of the skin and other mucous membranes because of inadequate oxygen circulation in the blood. In asthma, profound airway blockage, reduces oxygen consumption, therefore, hypoxemia is evident. When the oxygen saturation is greatly reduced it becomes apparent by the cyanosis marking especially the lips, fingertips and other parts of the body.
Tachypnea:
Mechanism: Tachypnea is defined as faster than normal breathing and is an attempt of the body to compensate for low oxygen levels and increased CO2 retained in the blood. It in turn tries to ensure that enough oxygen gets into the blood by making efforts to increase the respiratory rate. In asthma, airway obstruction means there is more work done to breathe hence tachypnea is witnessed.
Tachycardia:
Mechanism: Tachycardia meaning an increased rate of beating of the heart is caused by hypoxemia in an effort to increase oxygen delivery. It leads to an increase in the heart rate so as to allow more oxygen to reach the tissues. Also, anxiety, which is typically manifest in asthma episodes, causes tachycardia as well as the increased activity in an attempt to secure adequate oxygen.
Low Oxygen Saturation:
Mechanism: Hypoxemia has been found to be proportional to the decline in the process of gas exchange because of asthma manifestations, including airway blockage and edema. The regard refers to the minimized air flow in addition to a low level of V/Q ratio, which produces less oxygen concentrations in blood. Thus, with worsening of asthma exacerbations the capacity of the lungs to enrich the blood with oxygen decreases, and the oxygen partial pressure decreases or hypoxemia appears with a decrease in oxygen saturation.
Conclusion
Bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, mucus production, and ventilation-perfusion imbalance make the patient wheeze, cyanosis, tachypnea, tachycardia, and low oxygen saturation. Such symptoms are an indication of the body’s ability to accommodate the changes in airway functionality or capacity and the ability to perform the gas exchange to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen to the tissues.
What-is-the-role-of-managed-care-What-three-goals-are-present-in-mana/,What is the role of managed care?
Has using a managed care approach been successful? ( Use Resources)
Managed care is a form of health care provision that has the primary aim of controlling for costs, use of resources and quality of service. It coordinates both the funding and provision of medical care to administer cost while guaranteeing right healthcare for patients. MCOs get this done through developing provider panels, setting payment premiums, and employing mainly the prior authorization method, case management, and utilization review.
Managed care can be viewed as having three principle objectives:
Cost Containment:
Dominant approach to organisational and financing of care and seeking to cut overall health cost by obtaining a better price for services, restraining use of service and encouraging preventive care to prevent the necessity of further costly services.
Quality Improvement:
Another tangible goal includes the enhancement of the care quality through the use of guidelines, measurements as well as giving incentives to ensure that the providers subscribe to the best practices. The specific objectives of current managed care plans sometimes consist of quality assurance programs and mechanisms.
Access to Care:
According to managed care, access to the required healthcare services is attained through making networks of available providers that patients can attend. These networks are developed in a way that there is smooth and appropriate delivery of health services, with more focused on primary and preventive care.
Success of Managed Care
The success of managed care has been mixed:
Positive Outcomes:
There are objectively recognized advantages of managed care, for example, regarding cost containment, which has been manifested in the 1990s when the majority of healthcare facilities implemented it. It has also expanded the ability to get preventive and acute/chronic illness treatment due to the increase focus on the primary care and standardization of early-detection measures.
Challenges:
However, some critics believed that managed care decreased the patient autonomy, decreased quality, and presented burdens on the provider. A patient may not have access to specialists or get treatment that may not be recognized or paid by the health insurers.
In conclusion, managed care has made good results in attaining its goals of cost containment and some aspects of the quality and access to care but it has its own challenges that should be deal with on a constant basis (drug. com) (CDC).
